![]() Received: JAccepted: OctoPublished: November 7, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Abraham et al. Fay, University of Rochester, UNITED STATES Combined with the availability of a computational package that can perform these calculations for any set of genomic regions associated with any trait in any organism, this work is a major step forward toward understanding the relationship between genetic architecture and selection.Ĭitation: Abraham A, LaBella AL, Capra JA, Rokas A (2022) Mosaic patterns of selection in genomic regions associated with diverse human traits. Notably, genomic regions associated with human complex traits have been shaped by diverse modes of selection. Application of this framework to more than 900 genome-wide association studies and 11 evolutionary measures, while accounting for potential confounders, generated a comprehensive evolutionary atlas that maps diverse signatures of selection on genomic regions associated with hundreds of complex human traits. ![]() We developed a novel and very robust computational framework that measures enrichment for evolutionary forces acting on regions associated with variation in diverse complex traits. Understanding how evolutionary forces shape patterns of human genomic variation is fundamental for evolutionary genomics and medicine. This atlas of evolutionary signatures across the diversity of available GWASs will enable exploration of the relationship between the genetic architecture and evolutionary processes in the human genome. These results support a pervasive role for negative selection on regions of the human genome that contribute to variation in complex traits, but also demonstrate that diverse modes of evolution are likely to have shaped trait-associated loci. In contrast, we detected widespread negative enrichment for signatures of balancing selection (51% of GWASs) and absence of enrichment for evolutionary signals in regions associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Many traits also exhibited substantial positive enrichment for population differentiation, especially among hair, skin, and pigmentation traits. We detected positive enrichment for sequence conservation among trait-associated regions for the majority of traits (>77% of 290 high power GWASs), which included reproductive traits. The resulting evolutionary atlas maps diverse signatures of selection on genomic regions associated with complex human traits on an unprecedented scale. We demonstrate that this framework yields consistent results across GWASs with variable sample sizes, numbers of trait-associated SNPs, and analytical approaches. We applied the framework to summary statistics from >900 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and 11 evolutionary measures of sequence constraint, population differentiation, and allele age while accounting for linkage disequilibrium, allele frequency, and other potential confounders. To address this, we developed an efficient computational framework to calculate positive and negative enrichment of different evolutionary measures among regions associated with complex traits. However, the prevalence of different modes of selection on genomic regions associated with variation in traits remains poorly understood. Only then, when the paper is soaked off the image face, does the artist get to observe the work of art.Natural selection shapes the genetic architecture of many human traits. Using Indirecto: Heavier paper was used because of the mosaic technique I apply, called indirecto (the reverse technique), where the pieces are applied face-down with a water soluable glue.The artist never sees the work until it is completed and the back of the piece is glued to a substrate. Using Fiberglass Mesh: You can have the illustration under a sheet of plastic film, with a layer of fiberglass mesh over that - the mesh being the layer which you glue the tiles onto, RIGHT side up. Then lift the image, and trace over the engraved lines with a pen to make the image visible. You are engraving the lines into the wood. Lay image face up over surface, then outline the tile shape with a rigid and pointed tool. Optional - trace over these lines with a pen to darken. This will transfer image to backerboard from paper. Apply photocopied image face down, saturate with rubbing alcohol (70-90%). Here are a couple in addition to my choice of technique. There are so many ways to transfer the design.
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